CONCLUSION OF THE ARCTIC TRIP.

On leaving Onska, we experienced considerable delay on account of the storm.  The roads were drifted to such an extent that even the ploughs could not be passed through in many places, and the peasants were obliged to work with their broad wooden spades.  The sky, however, was wholly clear and of a pure daylight blue, such as we had not seen for two months.  The sun rode high in the firmament, like a strong healthy sun again, with some warmth in his beams as they struck our faces, and the air was all mildness and balm.  It was heavenly, after our Arctic life.  The country, too, boldly undulating, with fir-forested hills, green and warm in the sunshine, and wild, picturesque valleys sunk between, shining in their covering of snow, charmed us completely.  Again we saw the soft blue of the distant ranges as they melted away behind each other, suggesting space, and light, and warmth.  Give me daylight and sunshine, after all!  Our Arctic trip seems like a long, long night full of splendid dreams, but yet night and not day.

On the road, we bought a quantity of the linen handkerchiefs of the country, at prices varying from twenty-five to forty cents a piece, according to the size and quality.  The bedding, in all the inns, was of home-made linen, and I do not recollect an instance where it was not brought out, fresh and sweet from the press, for us.  In this, as in all other household arrangements, the people are very tidy and cleanly, though a little deficient as regards their own persons.  Their clothing, however, is of a healthy substantial character, and the women consult comfort rather than ornament.  Many of them wear cloth pantaloons under their petticoats, which, therefore, they are able to gather under their arms in wading through snow-drifts.  I did not see a low-necked dress or a thin shoe north of Stockholm.

     “The damsel who trips at daybreak
     Is shod like a mountaineer.”

Yet a sensible man would sooner take such a damsel to wife than any delicate Cinderella of the ball-room.  I protest I lose all patience when I think of the habits of our American women, especially our country girls.  If ever the Saxon race does deteriorate on our side of the Atlantic, as some ethnologists anticipate, it will be wholly their fault.

We stopped for the night at Hornas, and had a charming ride the next day among the hills and along the inlets of the Gulf.  The same bold, picturesque scenery, which had appeared so dark and forbidding to us on our way north, now, under the spring-like sky, cheered and inspired us.  At the station of Docksta, we found the peasant girls scrubbing the outer steps, barefooted.  At night, we occupied our old quarters at Weda, on the Angermann river.  The next morning the temperature was 25 deg. above zero, and at noon rose to 39 deg..  It was delightful to travel once more with cap-lappets turned up, fur collar turned down, face and neck free, and hands bare.  On our second stage we had an overgrown, insolent boy for postillion, who persisted in driving slow, and refused to let us pass him.  He finally became impertinent, whereupon Braisted ran forward and turned his horse out of the road, so that I could drive past.  The boy then seized my horse by the head; B. pitched him into a snow-bank, and we took the lead.  We had not gone far before we took the road to Hernosand, through mistake, and afterwards kept it through spite, thus adding about seven miles to our day’s journey.  A stretch of magnificent dark-green forests brought us to a narrow strait which separates the island of Hernosand from the main land.  The ice was already softening, and the upper layer repeatedly broke through under us.

Hernosand is a pretty town, of about 2000 inhabitants, with a considerable commerce.  It is also the capital of the most northern bishopric of Sweden.  The church, on an eminence above the town, is, next to that of Skelleftea, the finest we saw in the north.  We took a walk while breakfast was preparing, and in the space of twenty minutes saw all there was to be seen.  By leaving the regular road, however, we had incurred a delay of two hours, which did not add to our amiability.  Therefore, when the postillion, furiously angry now as well as insolent, came in to threaten us with legal prosecution in case we did not pay him heavy damages for what he called an assault, I cut the discussion short by driving him out of the room, and that was the last we saw of him.  We reached Fjal as the moon rose, ­a globe of silver fire in a perfect violet sky.  Two merry boys, who sang and shouted the whole way, drove us like the wind around the hay to Wifsta.  The moonlight was as bright as the Arctic noonday, and the snowy landscape flashed and glittered under its resplendent shower.  From the last hill we saw Sundsvall, which lay beneath us, with its wintry roofs, like a city of ivory and crystal, shining for us with the fairy promise of a warm supper and a good bed.

On the 9th, we drove along the shores of the magnificent bay of Sundsvall.  Six vessels lay frozen in, at a considerable distance from the town.  Near the southern extremity of the bay, we passed the village of Svartvik, which, the postillion informed us, is all owned by one person, who carries on ship-building.  The appearance of the place justified his statements.  The labourers’ houses were mostly new, all built on precisely the same model, and with an unusual air of comfort and neatness.  In the centre of the village stood a handsome white church, with a clock tower, and near it the parsonage and school-house.  At the foot of the slope were the yards, where several vessels were on the stocks, and a number of sturdy workmen busy at their several tasks.  There was an air of “associated labour” and the “model lodging-house” about the whole place, which was truly refreshing to behold, except a touch of barren utilitarianism in the cutting away of the graceful firs left from the forest, and thus depriving the houses of all shade and ornament.  We met many wood-teams, hauling knees and spars, and were sorely troubled to get out of their way.  Beyond the bay, the hills of Norrland ceased, sinking into those broad monotonous undulations which extend nearly all the way to Stockholm.  Gardens with thriving fruit-trees now began to be more frequent, giving evidence of a climate where man has a right to live.  I doubt whether it was ever meant that the human race should settle in any zone so frigid that fruit cannot ripen.

Thenceforth we had the roughest roads which were ever made upon a foundation of snow.  The increase in travel and in the temperature of the air, and most of all, the short, loosely-attached sleds used to support the ship-timber, had worn them into a succession of holes, channels, and troughs, in and out of which we thumped from morning till night.  On going down hill, the violent shocks frequently threw our runners completely into the air, and the wrench was so great that it was a miracle how the sled escaped fracture.  All the joints, it is true, began to work apart, and the ash shafts bent in the most ticklish way; but the rough little conveyance which had already done us such hard service held out gallantly to the end.  We reached Mo Myskie on the second night after leaving Sundsvall, and I was greeted with “Salaam aleikoom, ya Sidi!” from the jolly old Tripolitan landlord.  There was an unusual amount of travel northward on the following day, and we were detained at every station, so that it was nearly midnight before we reached the extortionate inn at Gefle.  The morning dawned with a snow-storm, but we were within 120 miles of Stockholm, and drove in the teeth of it to Elfkarleby.  The renowned cascades of the Dal were by no means what I expected, but it was at least a satisfaction to see living water, after the silent rivers and fettered rapids of the North.

The snow was now getting rapidly thinner.  So scant was it on the exposed Upsala plain that we fully expected being obliged to leave our sleds on the way.  Even before reaching Upsala, our postillions chose the less-travelled field-roads whenever they led in the same direction, and beyond that town we were charged additional post-money for the circuits we were obliged to make to keep our runners on the snow.  On the evening of the 13th we reached Rotebro, only fourteen miles from Stockholm, and the next morning, in splendid sunshine, drove past Haga park and palace, into the North-Gate, down the long Drottning-gatan, and up to Kahn’s Hotel, where we presented our sleds to the valet-de-place, pulled off our heavy boots, threw aside our furs for the remainder of the winter, and sat down to read the pile of letters and papers which Herr Kahn brought us.  It was precisely two months since our departure in December, and in that time we had performed a journey of 2200 miles, 250 of which were by reindeer, and nearly 500 inside of the Arctic Circle.  Our frozen noses had peeled off, and the new skin showed no signs of the damage they had sustained ­so that we had come out of the fight not only without a scar, but with a marked increase of robust vitality.

I must confess, however, that, interesting as was the journey, and happily as we endured its exposures, I should not wish to make it again.  It is well to see the North, even after the South; but, as there is no one who visits the tropics without longing ever after to return again, so, I imagine, there is no one who, having once seen a winter inside the Arctic Circle, would ever wish to see another.  In spite of the warm, gorgeous, and ever-changing play of colour hovering over the path of the unseen sun, in spite of the dazzling auroral dances and the magical transfiguration of the forests, the absence of true daylight and of all signs of warmth and life exercises at last a depressing influence on the spirits.  The snow, so beautiful while the sunrise setting illumination lasts, wears a ghastly monotony at all other times, and the air, so exhilarating, even at the lowest temperature, becomes an enemy to be kept out, when you know its terrible power to benumb and destroy.  To the native of a warmer zone, this presence of an unseen destructive force in nature weighs like a nightmare upon the mind.  The inhabitants of the North also seem to undergo a species of hibernation, as well as the animals.  Nearly half their time is passed in sleep; they are silent in comparison with the natives of the other parts of the world; there is little exuberant gaiety and cheerfulness, but patience, indifference, apathy almost.  Aspects of nature which appear to be hostile to man, often develop and bring into play his best energies, but there are others which depress and paralyse his powers.  I am convinced that the extreme North, like the Tropics, is unfavourable to the best mental and physical condition of the human race.  The proper zone of man lies between 30 deg. and 55 deg.  North.

To one who has not an unusual capacity to enjoy the experiences of varied travel, I should not recommend such a journey.  With me, the realization of a long-cherished desire, the sense of novelty, the opportunity for contrasting extremes, and the interest with which the people inspired me, far outweighed all inconveniences and privations.  In fact, I was not fully aware of the gloom and cold in which I had lived until we returned far enough southward to enjoy eight hours of sunshine, and a temperature above the freezing point.  It was a second birth into a living world.  Although we had experienced little positive suffering from the intense cold, except on the return from Muoniovara to Haparanda, our bodies had already accommodated themselves to a low temperature, and the sudden transition to 30 deg. above zero came upon us like the warmth of June.  My friend, Dr. Kane, once described to me the comfort he felt when the mercury rose to 7 deg. below zero, making it pleasant to be on deck.  The circumstance was then incomprehensible to me, but is now quite plain.  I can also the better realise the terrible sufferings of himself and his men, exposed to a storm in a temperature of -47 deg., when the same degree of cold, with a very light wind, turned my own blood to ice.

Most of our physical sensations are relative, and the mere enumeration of so many degrees of heat or cold gives no idea of their effect upon the system.  I should have frozen at home in a temperature which I found very comfortable in Lapland, with my solid diet of meat and butter, and my garments of reindeer.  The following is a correct scale of the physical effect of cold, calculated for the latitude of 65 deg. to 70 deg.  North: 

15 deg. above zero ­Unpleasantly warm.

Zero ­Mild and agreeable.

10 deg. below zero ­Pleasantly fresh and bracing.

20 deg. below zero ­Sharp, but not severely cold.  Keep your fingers and toes in motion, and rub your nose occasionally.

30 deg. below zero ­Very cold; take particular care of your nose and extremities:  eat the fattest food, and plenty of it 40 deg. below ­Intensely cold; keep awake at all hazards, muffle up to the eyes, and test your circulation frequently, that it may not stop somewhere before you know it.

50 deg. below ­A struggle for life.

We kept a record of the temperature from the time we left Sundsvall (De until our return to Stockholm.  As a matter of interest, I subjoin it, changing the degrees from Reaumur to Fahrenheit.  We tested the thermometer repeatedly on the way, and found it very generally reliable, although in extremely low temperature it showed from one to two degrees more than a spirit thermometer.  The observations were taken at from 9 to 8 A. M., 12 to 2 P. M., and 7 to 11 P. M., whenever it was possible.

Morning.   Noon.   Evening.
December 21                + 6          ..       zero.
"    22                + 6          ..          3
"    23                -22         -29        -22
"    24                  6         -22        -22
"    25                -35         -38    mer. frozen.
"    26                -30         -24        -31
"    27 (storm)        -18         -18        -18
"    28 (storm)        zero.      zero.      zero.
"    29                  6         -13        -13
"    30                  6         -13        -22
"    31 (storm)          3         + 9        + 9
January   1, 1857          + 3         + 3        + 3
"     2                  6           6          6
"     3                -30         -22        -22
"     4                -18          ..        -22
"     5                -31         -30        -33
"     6                -20           4       zero.
"     7                + 4         +18        +25
"     8                +18          ..        -11
"     9                -28         -44        -44
"    10(storm)           5          ..          2
"    11(storm)           2        zero.         5
"    12, 1857 (storm)    5           4          4
"    13 (storm)        + 5         + 5        + 5
"    14                  6         -13          6
"    15                  8         -13        -33
"    16                  9         -10        -11
"    17 (fog)          zero.      zero.      zero.
"    18                -10         -18        -23
"    19 (storm)          3           3          9
"    20                +20          ..        + 6
"    21                  4        zero.      zero.
"    22                + 2           6        -13
"    23                -13           3        -13
"    24                -15         -22        -44
"    25 mer. froz.     -50?        -42    mer. frozen
"    26                -45         -35        -39
"    27    frozen      -47?        -45        -35
"    28    frozen      -49?        -47        -44
"    29                -47?        -43        -43
"    30                -27         -11        -35
"    31                -17         -16          7
February  1                zero.         9        -13
"     2                + 2         + 6       zero.
"     3                zero.      zero.      zero.
"     4                  9        zero.         3
"     5 (storm)        + 3         + 3        + 3
"     6                +25         +25        +18
"     7                +14         +18        +25
"     8                +25         +39        +22
"     9                + 5         +22        +16
"    10                +25         +37        +37
"    11                +34         +34        +32
"    12                +32         +37        +23
"    13                +16         +30        +21
"    14                +25         +30        +25