THE SYNTHESIS OF THE NOUVELLE Athènes

Two dominant notes in my character ­an original hatred of my native country, and a brutal loathing of the religion I was brought up in.  All the aspects of my native country are violently disagreeable to me, and I cannot think of the place I was born in without a sensation akin to nausea.  These feelings are inherent and inveterate in me.  I am instinctively averse from my own countrymen; they are at once remote and repulsive; but with Frenchmen I am conscious of a sense of nearness; I am one with them in their ideas and aspirations, and when I am with them, I am alive with a keen and penetrating sense of intimacy.  Shall I explain this by atavism?  Was there a French man or woman in my family some half-dozen generations ago?  I have not inquired.  The English I love, and with a love that is foolish ­mad, limitless; I love them better than the French, but I am not so near to them.  Dear, sweet Protestant England, the red tiles of the farmhouse, the elms, the great hedgerows, and all the rich fields adorned with spreading trees, and the weald and the wold, the very words are passionately beautiful southern England, not the north, ­there is something Celtic in the north ­southern England, with its quiet, steadfast faces ­a smock frock is to me one of the most delightful things in the world; it is so absolutely English.  The villages clustered round the greens, the spires of the churches pointing between the elm trees....  This is congenial to me; and this is Protestantism.  England is Protestantism, Protestantism is England.  Protestantism is strong, clean, and westernly, Catholicism is eunuch-like, dirty, and Oriental....  There is something even Chinese about it.  What made England great was Protestantism, and when she ceases to be Protestant she will fall....  Look at the nations that have clung to Catholicism, starving moonlighters and starving brigands.  The Protestant flag floats on every ocean breeze, the Catholic banner hangs limp in the incense silence of the Vatican.  Let us be Protestant, and revere Cromwell.

Garçon, un bock!  I write to please myself, just as I order my dinner; if my books sell I cannot help it ­it is an accident.

But you live by writing.

Yes, but life is only an accident ­art is eternal.

What I reproach Zola with is that he has no style; there is nothing you won’t find in Zola from Chateaubriand to the reporting in the Figaro.

He seeks immortality in an exact description of a linendraper’s shop; if the shop conferred immortality it should be upon the linendraper who created the shop, and not on the novelist who described it.

And his last novel “l’Å’uvre,” how spun out, and for a franc a line in the “Gil Blas.”  Not a single new or even exact observation.  And that terrible phrase repeated over and over again ­“La Conquête de Paris.”  What does it mean?  I never knew anyone who thought of conquering Paris; no one ever spoke of conquering Paris except, perhaps, two or three provincials.

You must have rules in poetry, if it is only for the pleasure of breaking them, just as you must have women dressed, if it is only for the pleasure of undressing them.

Fancy, a banquet was given to Julien by his pupils!  He made a speech in favour of Lefebvre, and hoped that every one there would vote for Lefebvre.  Julien was very eloquent.  He spoke of Le grand art, lé nu, and Lefebvre’s unswerving fidelity to lé nu...elegance, refinement, an echo of ancient Greece:  and then, ­what do you think? when he had exhausted all the reasons why the medal of honour should be accorded to Lefebvre, he said, “I ask you to remember, gentlemen, that he has a wife and eight children.”  Is it not monstrous?

But it is you who are monstrous, you who expect to fashion the whole world in conformity with your æstheticisms...a vain dream, and if realised it would result in an impossible world.  A wife and children are the basis of existence, and it is folly to cry out because an appeal to such interests as these meet with response...it will be so till the end of time.

And these great interests that are to continue to the end of time began two years ago, when your pictures were not praised in the Figaro as much as you thought they should be.

Love ­but not marriage.  Marriage means a four-post bed and papa and mamma between eleven and twelve.  Love is aspiration:  transparencies, colour, light, a sense of the unreal.  But a wife ­you know all about her ­who her father was, who her mother was, what she thinks of you and her opinion of the neighbours over the way.  Where, then, is the dream, the au delà?  But the women one has never seen before, that one will never see again!  The choice! the enervation of burning odours, the baptismal whiteness of women, light, ideal tissues, eyes strangely dark with kohl, names that evoke palm trees and ruins, Spanish moonlight or maybe Persepolis!  The nightingale-harmony of an eternal yes ­the whisper of a sweet unending yes.  The unknown, the unreal.  This is love.  There is delusion, an au delà.

Good heavens! and the world still believes in education, in teaching people the “grammar of art.”  Education should be confined to clerks, and it drives even them to drink.  Will the world learn that we never learn anything that we did not know before?  The artist, the poet, painter, musician, and novelist go straight to the food they want, guided by an unerring and ineffable instinct; to teach them is to destroy the nerve of the artistic instinct.  Art flees before the art school... “correct drawing,” “solid painting.”  Is it impossible to teach people, to force it into their heads that there is no such thing as correct drawing, and that if drawing were correct it would be wrong?  Solid painting; good heavens!  Do they suppose that there is one sort of painting that is better than all others, and that there is a receipt for making it as for making chocolate!  Art is not mathematics, it is individuality.  It does not matter how badly you paint, so long as you don’t paint badly like other people.  Education destroys individuality.  That great studio of Julien’s is a sphinx, and all the poor folk that go there for artistic education are devoured.  After two years they all paint and draw alike, every one; that vile execution, ­they call it execution, ­la pâte, la peinture au premier coup.  I was over in England last year, and I saw some portraits by a man called Richmond.  They were horrible, but I liked them because they weren’t like painting.  Stott and Sargent are clever fellows enough; I like Stott the best.  If they had remained at home and hadn’t been taught, they might have developed a personal art, but the trail of the serpent is over all they do ­that vile French painting, lé morceau, etc.  Stott is getting over it by degrees.  He exhibited a nymph this year.  I know what he meant; it was an interesting intention.  I liked his little landscapes better...simplified into nothing, into a couple of primitive tints, wonderful clearness, light.  But I doubt if he will find a public to understand all that.

Democratic art!  Art is the direct antithesis to democracy....  Athens! a few thousand citizens who owned many thousand slaves, call that democracy!  No! what I am speaking of is modern democracy ­the mass.  The mass can only appreciate simple and naïve emotions, puerile prettiness, above all conventionalities.  See the Americans that come over here; what do they admire?  Is it Degas or Manet they admire?  No, Bouguereau and Lefebvre.  What was most admired at the International Exhibition? ­The Dirty Boy.  And if the medal of honour had been decided by a plébiscite, the dirty boy would have had an overwhelming majority.  What is the literature of the people?  The idiotic stories of the Petit Journal.  Don’t talk of Shakespeare, Molière and the masters; they are accepted on the authority of the centuries.  If the people could understand Hamlet, the people would not read the Petit Journal; if the people could understand Michel Angelo, they would not look at our Bouguereau or your Bouguereau, Sir F. Leighton.  For the last hundred years we have been going rapidly towards democracy, and what is the result?  The destruction of the handicrafts.  That there are still good pictures painted and good poems written proves nothing, there will always be found men to sacrifice their lives for a picture or a poem.  But the decorative arts which are executed in collaboration, and depend for support on the general taste of a large number, have ceased to exist.  Explain that if you can.  I’ll give you five thousand, ten thousand francs to buy a beautiful clock that is not a copy and is not ancient, and you can’t do it.  Such a thing does not exist.  Look here, I was going up the staircase of the Louvre the other day.  They were putting up a mosaic; it was horrible; every one knows it is horrible.  Well, I asked who had given the order for this mosaic, and I could not find out; no one knew.  An order is passed from bureau to bureau, and no one is responsible; and it will be always so in a republic, and the more republican you are the worse it will be.

The world is dying of machinery; that is the great disease, that is the plague that will sweep away and destroy civilisation; man will have to rise against it sooner or later....  Capital, unpaid labour, wage-slaves, and all the rest ­stuff....  Look at these plates; they were painted by machinery; they are abominable.  Look at them.  In old times plates were painted by the hand, and the supply was necessarily limited to the demand, and a china in which there was always something more or less pretty, was turned out; but now thousands, millions of plates are made more than we want, and there is a commercial crisis; the thing is inevitable.  I say the great and the reasonable revolution will be when mankind rises in revolt, and smashes the machinery and restores the handicrafts.

Goncourt is not an artist, notwithstanding all his affectation and outcries; he is not an artist. Il me fait l’effet of an old woman shrieking after immortality and striving to beat down some fragment of it with a broom.  Once it was a duet, now it is a solo.  They wrote novels, history, plays, they collected bric-à-brac ­they wrote about their bric-à-brac; they painted in water-colours, they etched ­they wrote about their water-colours and etchings; they have made a will settling that the bric-à-brac is to be sold at their death, and the proceeds applied to founding a prize for the best essay or novel, I forget which it is.  They wrote about the prize they are going to found; they kept a diary, they wrote down everything they heard, felt, or saw, radotage de vieille femme; nothing must escape, not the slightest word; it might be that very word that might confer on them immortality; everything they heard, or said, must be of value, of inestimable value.  A real artist does not trouble himself about immortality, about everything he hears, feels and says; he treats ideas and sensations as so much clay wherewith to create.

And then the famous collaboration; how it was talked about, written about, prayed about; and when Jules died, what a subject for talk for articles; it all went into pot.  Hugo’s vanity was Titanic, Goncourt’s is puerile.

And Daudet?

Oh, Daudet, c’est de la bouillabaisse.

Whistler, of all artists, is the least impressionist; the idea people have of his being an impressionist only proves once again the absolute inability of the public to understand the merits or the demerits of artistic work.  Whistler’s art is classical; he thinks of nature, but he does not see nature; he is guided by his mind, and not by his eyes; and the best of it is he says so.  He knows it well enough!  Any one who knows him must have heard him say, “Painting is absolutely scientific; it is an exact science.”  And his work is in accord with his theory; he risks nothing, all is brought down, arranged, balanced, and made one; his pictures are thought out beforehand, they are mental conceptions.  I admire his work; I am showing how he is misunderstood, even by those who think they understand.  Does he ever seek a pose that is characteristic of the model, a pose that the model repeats oftener than any other? ­Never.  He advances the foot, puts the hand on the hip, etc., with a view to rendering his idea.  Take his portrait of Duret.  Did he ever see Duret in dress clothes?  Probably not.  Did he ever see Duret with a lady’s opera cloak? ­I am sure he never did.  Is Duret in the habit of going to the theatre with ladies?  No, he is a littérateur who is always in men’s society, rarely in ladies’.  But these facts mattered nothing to Whistler as they matter to Degas, or to Manet.  Whistler took Duret out of his environment, dressed him up, thought out a scheme ­in a word, painted his idea without concerning himself in the least with the model.  Mark you, I deny that I am urging any fault or flaw; I am merely contending that Whistler’s art is not modern art, but classic art ­yes, and severely classical, far more classical than Titian’s or Velasquez; ­from an opposite pole as classical as Ingres.  No Greek dramatist ever sought the synthesis of things more uncompromisingly than Whistler.  And he is right.  Art is not nature.  Art is nature digested.  Zola and Goncourt cannot, or will not understand that the artistic stomach must be allowed to do its work in its own mysterious fashion.  If a man is really an artist he will remember what is necessary, forget what is useless; but if he takes notes he will interrupt his artistic digestion, and the result will be a lot of little touches, inchoate and wanting in the elegant rhythm of the synthesis.

I am sick of synthetical art; we want observation direct and unreasoned.  What I reproach Millet with is that it is always the same thing, the same peasant, the same sabot, the same sentiment.  You must admit that it is somewhat stereotyped.

What does that matter; what is more stereotyped than Japanese art?  But that does not prevent it from being always beautiful.

People talk of Manet’s originality; that is just what I can’t see.  What he has got, and what you can’t take away from him, is a magnificent execution.  A piece of still life by Manet is the most wonderful thing in the world; vividness of colour, breadth, simplicity, and directness of touch ­marvellous!

French translation is the only translation; in England you still continue to translate poetry into poetry, instead of into prose.  We used to do the same, but we have long ago renounced such follies.  Either of two things ­if the translator is a good poet, he substitutes his verse for that of the original; ­I don’t want his verse, I want the original; ­if he is a bad poet; he gives us bad verse, which is intolerable.  Where the original poet put an effect of cæsura, the translator puts an effect of rhyme; where the original poet puts an effect of rhyme, the translator puts an effect of cæsura.  Take Longfellow’s “Dante.”  Does it give as good an idea of the original as our prose translation?  Is it as interesting reading?  Take Bayard Taylor’s translation of “Goethe.”  Is it readable?  Not to any one with an ear for verse.  Will any one say that Taylor’s would be read if the original did not exist?  The fragment translated by Shelley is beautiful, but then it is Shelley.  Look at Swinburne’s translations of Villon.  They are beautiful poems by Swinburne, that is all; he makes Villon speak of a “splendid kissing mouth.”  Villon could not have done this unless he had read Swinburne.  “Heine,” translated by James Thomson, is not different from Thomson’s original poems; “Heine,” translated by Sir Theodore Martin, is doggerel.

But in English blank verse you can translate quite as literally as you could into prose?

I doubt it, but even so, the rhythm of the blank line would carry your mind away from that of the original.

But if you don’t know the original?  The rhythm of the original can be suggested in prose judiciously used; even if it isn’t, your mind is at least free, whereas the English rhythm must destroy the sensation of something foreign.  There is no translation except a word-for-word translation.  Baudelaire’s translation of Poe, and Hugo’s translation of Shakespeare, are marvellous in this respect; a pun or joke that is untranslatable is explained in a note.

But that is the way young ladies translate ­word for word!

No; ’tis just what they don’t do; they think they are translating word for word, but they aren’t.  All the proper names, no matter how unpronounceable, must be rigidly adhered to; you must never transpose versts into kilometres, or roubles into francs; ­I don’t know what a verst is or what a rouble is, but when I see the words I am in Russia.  Every proverb must be rendered literally, even if it doesn’t make very good sense:  if it doesn’t make sense at all, it must be explained in a note.  For example, there is a proverb in German:  “Quand lé cheval est sellé il faut lé monter;” in French there is a proverb:  “Quand lé vin est tiré il faut lé boire.”  Well, a translator who would translate quand lé cheval, etc., by quand lé vin, etc., is an ass, and does not know his business.  In translation only a strictly classical language should be used; no word of slang, or even word of modern origin should be employed; the translator’s aim should be never to dissipate the illusion of an exotic.  If I were translating the “Assommoir” into English, I should strive after a strong, flexible, but colourless language, something ­what shall I say? ­the style of a modern Addison.

What, don’t you know the story about Mendès? ­when Chose wanted to marry his sister? Chose’s mother, it appears, went to live with a priest.  The poor fellow was dreadfully cut up; he was broken-hearted; and he went to Mendès, his heart swollen with grief, determined to make a clean breast of it, let the worst come to the worst.  After a great deal of beating about the bush, and apologising, he got it out.  You know Mendès, you can see him smiling a little; and looking at Chose with that white cameo face of his he said,

“Avec quel meillur homme voulez-vous que vôtre mère se mit? vous n’avez donc, jeune homme, aucun sentiment religieux.”

Victor Hugo, he is a painter on porcelain; his verse is mere decoration, long tendrils and flowers; and the same thing over and over again.

How to be happy! ­not to read Baudelaire and Verlaine, not to enter the Nouvelle Athènes, unless perhaps to play dominoes like the bourgeois over there, not to do anything that would awake a too intense consciousness of life, ­to live in a sleepy country side, to have a garden to work in, to have a wife and children, to chatter quietly every evening over the details of existence.  We must have the azaleas out to-morrow and thoroughly cleansed, they are devoured by insects; the tame rook has flown away; mother lost her prayer-book coming from church, she thinks it was stolen.  A good, honest, well-to-do peasant, who knows nothing of politics, must be very nearly happy; ­and to think there are people who would educate, who would draw these people out of the calm satisfaction of their instincts, and give them passions!  The philanthropist is the Nero of modern times.