Brandenburg, in the matter of the Reformation, was at first-with Albert of Mainz, Tetzel’s friend, on the one side, and Pious George of Anspach, “NIT KOP AB,” on the other-certainly a divided house.  But, after the first act, it conspicuously ceased to be divided; nay Kur-Brandenburg and Kur-Mainz themselves had known tendencies to the Reformation, and were well aware that the Church could not stand as it was.  Nor did the cause want partisans in Berlin, in Brandenburg,-hardly to be repressed from breaking into flame, while Kurfürst Joachim was so prudent and conservative.  Of this loud Kurfürst Joachim I., here and there mentioned already, let us now say a more express word. [1484, 1499, 1535:  birth, accession, death of Joachim.]

Joachim I., Big John’s son, hesitated hither and thither for some time, trying if it would not do to follow the Kaiser Karl V.’s lead; and at length, crossed in his temper perhaps by the speed his friends were going at, declared formally against any farther Reformation; and in his own family and country was strict upon the point.  He is a man, as I judge, by no means without a temper of his own; very loud occasionally in the Diets and elsewhere;-reminds me a little of a certain King Friedrich Wilhelm, whom my readers shall know by and by.  A big, surly, rather bottle-nosed man, with thick lips, abstruse wearied eyes, and no eyebrows to speak of:  not a beautiful man, when you cross him overmuch.

OF JOACHIM’S WIFE AND BROTHER-IN-LAW.

His wife was a Danish Princess, Sister of poor Christian II., King of that Country:  dissolute Christian, who took up with a huckster-woman’s daughter,-“mother sold gingerbread,” it would appear, “at Bergen in Norway,” where Christian was Viceroy; Christian made acceptable love to the daughter, “DIVIKE (Dovekin, COLUMBINA),” as he called her.  Nay he made the gingerbread mother a kind of prime-minister, said the angry public, justly scandalized at this of the “Dovekin.”  He was married, meanwhile, to Karl V.’s own Sister; but continued that other connection. [Here are the dates of this poor Christian, in a lump.  Born, 1481; King, 1513 (Dovekin before); married, 1515; turned off, 1523; invades, taken prisoner, 1532; dies, 1559.  Cousin, and then Cousin’s Son, succeeded.] He had rash notions, now for the Reformation, now against it, when he got to be King; a very rash, unwise, explosive man.  He made a “Stockholm BLUTBAD” still famed in History (kind of open, ordered or permitted, Massacre of eighty or a hundred of his chief enemies there), “Bloodbath,” so they name it; in Stockholm, where indeed he was lawful King, and not without unlawful enemies, had a bloodbath been the way to deal with them.  Gustavus Vasa was a young fellow there, who dexterously escaped this Bloodbath, and afterwards came to something.

In Denmark and Sweden, rash Christian made ever more enemies; at length he was forced to run, and they chose another King or successive pair of Kings.  Christian fled to Kaiser Karl at Brussels; complained to Kaiser Karl, his Brother-in-law,-whose Sister he had not used well.  Kaiser Karl listened to his complaints, with hanging under-lip, with heavy, deep, undecipherable eyes; evidently no help from Karl.

Christian, after that, wandered about with inexécutable speculations, and projects to recover his crown or crowns; sheltering often with Kurfürst Joachim, who took a great deal of trouble about him, first and last; or with the Elector of Saxony, Friedrich the Wise, or after him, with Johann the Steadfast ("V.  D. M. I. AE.” whom we saw at Augsburg), who were his Mother’s Brothers, and beneficent men.  He was in Saxony, on such terms, coming and going, when a certain other Flight thither took place, soon to be spoken of, which is the cause of our mentioning him here.-In the end (A.D. 1532) he did get some force together, and made sail to Norway; but could do no execution whatever there;-on the contrary, was frozen in on the coast during winter; seized, carried to Copenhagen, and packed into the “Castle of Sonderburg,” a grim sea-lodging on the shore of Schleswig,-prisoner for the rest of his life, which lasted long enough.  Six-and-twenty years of prison; the first seventeen years of it strict and hard, almost of the dungeon sort; the remainder, on his fairly abdicating, was in another Castle, that of Callundborg in the Island of Zealand, “with fine apartments and conveniences,” and even “a good house of liquor now and then,” at discretion of the old soul.  That was the end of headlong Christian II.; he lasted in this manner to the age of seventy-eight. [Kohler, Munzbelustigungen,x, 48; Holberg, Danemarckische Staats-und Reichs-Historie (Copenhagen, 1731, NOT the big Book by Holberg), ; Buddaus, Allgemeines Historisches Lexicon (Leipzig, 1709),?  Christianus II.]

His Sister Elizabeth at Brandenburg is perhaps, in regard to natural character, recognizably of the same kin as Christian; but her behavior is far different from his.  She too is zealous for the Reformation; but she has a right to be so, and her notions that way are steady; and she has hitherto, though in a difficult position, done honor to her creed.  Surly Joachim is difficult to deal with; is very positive now that he has declared himself:  “In my house at least shall be nothing farther of that unblessed stuff.”  Poor Lady, I see domestic difficulties very thick upon her; nothing but division, the very children ranging themselves in parties.  She can pray to Heaven; she must do her wisest.

She partook once, by some secret opportunity, of the “communion under both kinds;” one of her Daughters noticed and knew; told Father of it.  Father knits up his thick lips; rolls his abstruse dissatisfied eyes, in an ominous manner:  the poor Lady, probably possessed of an excitable imagination too, trembles for herself.  “It is thought, His DURCHLAUCHT will wall you up for life, my Serene Lady; dark prison for life, which probably may not be long! These surmises were of no credibility:  but there and then the poor Lady, in a shiver of terror, decides that she must run; goes off actually, one night ("Monday after the LAETARE, which we find is 24th March) in the year 1528, (Pauli (i; who cites Seckendorf, and this fraction of a Letter of Luthers, to one LINCKUS or Lincke, written on the Friday following (28th March, 1528):-

“The Electress [MARGRAVINE he calls her] has fled from Berlin, by help of her Brother the King of Denmark [poor Christian II.] to our Prince [Johann the Steadfast], because her Elector had determined to wall her up, as is reported, on account of the Eucharist under both species.  Pray for our Prince; the pious man and affectionate soul gets a great deal of trouble with his kindred." Or thus in the Original:-

"Marchionissa aufugit a Berlin, auxilio fratris, Regis Daniae, ad nostrum Principem, quod Marchio statuerat eam immurare (ut dicitur) propter Eucharistiam utriusque speciei.  Ora pro nostro Principe; der fromme Mann und herzliche Mensch ist doch ja wohl geplaget” (Seckendorf, Historia Lutheranismi, ii.? 62, N, .) in a mean vehicle under cloud of darkness, with only one maid and groom,-driving for life.  That is very certain:  she too is on flight towards Saxony, to shelter with her uncle Kurfürst Johann,-unless for reasons of state he scruple?  On the dark road her vehicle broke down; a spoke given way,-“Not a bit of rope to splice it,” said the improvident groom.  “Take my lace-veil here,” said the poor Princess; and in this guise she got to Torgau (I could guess, her poor Brother’s lodging),-and thence, in short time, to the fine Schloss of Lichtenberg hard by; Uncle Johann, to whom she had zealously left an option of refusal, having as zealously permitted and invited her to continue there.  Which she did for many years.

Nor did she get the least molestation from Husband Joachim;-who I conjecture had intended, though a man of a certain temper, and strict in his own house, something short of walling up for life:-poor Joachim withal!  “However, since you are gone, Madam, go!” Nor did he concern himself with Christian II. farther, but let him lie in prison at his leisure.  As for the Lady, he even let his children visit her at Lichtenberg; Crypto-Protestants all; and, among them, the repentant Daughter who had peached upon her.

Poor Joachim, he makes a pious speech on his death-bed, solemnly warning his Son against these new-fangled hérésies; the Son being already possessed of them in his heart. [Speech given in Rentsch, p-439.] What could Father do more?  Both Father and Son, I suppose, were weeping.  This was in 1535, this last scene; things looking now more ominous than ever.  Of Kurfürst Joachim I will remember nothing farther, except that once, twenty-three years before, he “held a Tourney in Neu-Ruppin,” year 1612; Tourney on the most magnificent scale, and in New-Ruppin, [Pauli, i.] a place we shall know by and by.

As to the Lady, she lived eighteen years in that fine Schloss of Lichtenberg; saw her children as we said; and, silently or otherwise, rejoiced in the creed they were getting.  She saw Luther’s self sometimes; “had him several times to dinner;” he would call at her Mansion, when his journeys lay that way.  She corresponded with him diligently; nay once, for a three months, she herself went across and lodged with Dr. Luther and his Kate; as a royal Lady might with a heroic Sage,-though the Sage’s income was only Twenty-four pounds sterling annually.  There is no doubt about that visit of three months; one thinks of it, as of something human, something homely, ingenuous and pretty.  Nothing in surly Joachim’s history is half so memorable to me, or indeed memorable at all in the stage we are now come to.

The Lady survived Joachim twenty years; of these she spent eleven still at Lichtenberg, in no over-haste to return.  However, her Son, the new Elector, declaring for Protestantism, she at length yielded to his invitations:  came back (1546), and ended her days at Berlin in a peaceable and venerable manner.  Luckless Brother Christian is lying under lock-and-key all this while; smuggling out messages, and so on; like a voice from the land of Dreams or of Nightmares, painful, impracticable, coming now and then.