METHOD AND THOROUGHNESS.

“These are finely done,” remarked Lawrence Washington to George, after an examination of the maps, copy-books, and writing-books, which George brought with him from Mr. Williams’ school. “It would be difficult for any one to excel them.”

“It takes considerable time to do them,” remarked George.

“It takes time to do anything well,” responded Lawrence, “but the habit is worth everything to you.”

“That is what Mr. Williams says,” answered George. “He talks to the boys often about doing things well.”

“And no matter what it is that a boy is doing, if it is nothing more than chopping wood, it pays to do it as well as he can,” added Lawrence. “Mr. Williams is an excellent teacher.”

“I think so,” responded George. “He makes everything so plain that we can understand him; and he makes us feel that we shall need all we learn most when we become men.”

“Well, if you learn that last lesson thoroughly it will be of great service to you every day,” remarked Lawrence. “Many boys never stop to think that they will soon be men, and so they are not fitted for the duties of manhood when it comes.

“Mr. Williams talks much about method in study and work,” continued George. “He says that many persons accomplish little or nothing in life because they are neither systematic nor thorough in what they do. ’A place for everything and everything in its place,’ is one of his frequent remarks.

“And you must have produced these maps and copy-books under that rule,” suggested Lawrence. “They are as excellent in orderly arrangement as they are in neatness.

George spent his vacation with Lawrence, who really had charge of his education after Mr. Washington died. Lawrence married the daughter of William Fairfax three months after the death of his father, and settled on the plantation which his father bequeathed to him, near Hunting Creek, and to which Lawrence gave the name of Mount Vernon, in honor of Admiral Vernon, under whom he did military service in the West Indies, and for whom he cherished profound respect.

Lawrence was strongly attached to his young brother in whom he discovered the elements of a future noble manhood. He delighted to have him at his Mount Vernon home, and insisted that he should spend all his time there when out of school. It was during a vacation that Lawrence examined his maps and copy-books, as narrated, George having brought them with him for his brother to inspect.

One of George’s copy-books attracted much attention in school, because it was unlike that of any other scholar, and it was an original idea with him.

“What do you call it, George, and what do you ever expect to do with it?” inquired a school-mate.

“You can call it what you please,” replied George. “I expect that it will be of great service to me when I become a man.”

“That is looking a long way ahead, it seems to me,” rejoined his companion. “I prefer to know what will be of service to me now. You can scarcely tell what will be best for you when you become a man.”

“I know that what I am copying into that book will be of use to me in manhood, because men use these forms. I call it a Book of Forms for the want of a better name. And Georges words denoted entire confidence in his original idea of the use of forms.

“Well, the book looks well anyway,” continued his school-mate holding the copy-book up to view. “As to that, I should like to see any work of yours that does not look well. But what are these forms, anyhow?”

“They are receipts, bills of exchange, notes of hand, deeds, wills, land-warrants, bonds and useful forms of that kind,” answered George. “If I have them here in this book together, they will be convenient for use ten or twenty years hence.”

“Yes, I see; you can run a lawyer’s office on that book,” suggested his friend.

“A farmer’s office, you mean. A farmer may find use for every form there is in that book; and if he does not, it will be no disadvantage to him to understand them.”

“You are right, George, as you are usually. I shall know where to go for a form when I want to make my will,” remarked his companion in a complimentary way.

“And I shall be glad to serve you without charge provided you remember me,” responded George. “I predict that many men will live who will be glad to consult this book to help them out of difficulties.

Perhaps the forethought and sagacity of George were foreshadowed more clearly by this copy-book than by any other. Its reference to the necessities of manhood was so plain and direct as to prove that he kept preparation for that period of life constantly in view. This book has been carefully preserved, and may be seen to-day at Mount Vernon.

Another manuscript volume of his which has been preserved is a book of arithmetical problems. It was customary, when George attended school, to write the solution of problems in arithmetic in a blank-book not the result merely, but the whole process of solution. Sometimes the rules were copied, also, into the book. It was a very good practice for a studious, persevering, conscientious boy like George; but the method was a wretched one for certain indolent pupils to whom study was penance; for this class often relied upon these manuscript volumes to furnish problems solved, instead of resorting to hard study. They were passed around among the idle scholars clandestinely, to help them over hard places without study. Mr. Williams forbade the deceitful practice, and punished pupils who were discovered in the cheat; nevertheless, poor scholars continued to risk punishment rather than buckle down to persistent study. There is no doubt that George’s book of problems, copied in his clear, round hand, did considerable secret service in this way. But the preparation of it was an excellent discipline for George. Neatness, application, perseverance, thoroughness, with several other qualities, were indispensable in the preparation of so fair a book.

In another copy-book George displayed a talent for sketching and drawing, which elicited Mr. Williams’ commendation.

“That portrait is well executed,” he said. “You have a talent in that direction, evidently; the likeness is good.” It was the face of one of the scholars, drawn with his pen.

Have you practised much in this art? continued Mr. Williams.

“No, sir; only a little, for amusement.”

“Just to see what you could do?” added Mr. Williams, inquiringly.

“Yes, that is all.”

“Well, I advise you to cultivate your talent for drawing. These animals are well done, too. Practise will give you an ability in this line, which may prove of real service to you in future years.

George had drawn animals, also, in the book, and he had given wings to some birds with a flourish of his pen, showing both taste and tact in the use of the pen. George was not a boy who believed in flourishes, except those executed in ink. His interest in the art of penmanship drew his attention to these as ornamental and ingenious.

“A facile use of the pen will always be serviceable to you,” he said to George. “No one can become too skilful in wielding it. But it requires much careful practise.”

“I have discovered that,” answered George. “I do not expect to excel in the art of penmanship.”

“You may, with your application and perseverance,” responded his teacher. “‘Perseverance conquers all things,’ it is said, and I believe it.”

“But I have not time for everything,” remarked George. “Odd moments are all the time I can devote to such things.

“And odd moments have done much for some boys,” added his teacher. “Fragments of time well improved have made some men illustrious.

“It will take larger fragments of time than I have to make me illustrious,” suggested George, dryly.

“Perhaps not; you are not authorized to come to such a conclusion. There are too many facts known to warrant it. Your industry and resolution are equal to it.”

George accepted the compliment in silence with his usual modesty, considerably encouraged by his teacher’s words to persevere in doing things well.

This copy-book, containing sketches of his companions and pen-pictures of birds and beasts, has been carefully preserved with others. It is a valuable relic, too, as showing that George was not always the sedate, serious boy he has generally been represented to be; for some of these sketches border upon the comical, and evidently were intended to bring a smile over the faces of his school-mates. Mixed with his usually grave and practical way of doing things, they show more of the cheerful, roguish boy than is accorded to George by writers in general.

Another copy-book contains many extracts, in prose and poetry, which particularly interested George at the time. He was in the habit of preserving in this way choice bits of prose and poetry for future use. They were copied in his clear, fair handwriting, with every i dotted and every t crossed, and every comma and period nicely made and placed.

All these copy books, with other proofs of George’s thorough scholarship and progress, can now be seen at Mount Vernon, where he lived and died.

Irving says of these: “His manuscript school-books still exist, and are models of neatness and accuracy. One of them, it is true, a ciphering book, preserved in the library at Mount Vernon, has some school-boy attempts at calligraphy; nondescript birds, executed with the flourish of a pen, or profiles of faces, probably intended for those of his school-mates; the rest are all grave and business-like. Before he was thirteen years of age he had copied into a volume forms for all kinds of mercantile and legal papers, bills of exchange, notes of hand, deeds, bonds and the like. This early self-tuition gave him throughout life a lawyer’s skill in drafting documents, and a merchant’s exactness in keeping accounts; so that all the concerns of his various estates, his dealings with his domestic stewards and foreign agents, his accounts with governments, and all the financial transactions, are to this day to be seen posted up in books, in his own handwriting, monuments of his method and unvaried accuracy.”

There was yet another manuscript more important, really, than those of which we have spoken. It contained one hundred and ten rules for regulating his conduct, to which he gave the title, “RULES OF BEHAVIOR IN COMPANY AND CONVERSATION.”

When Lawrence Washington examined this manuscript he remarked to his wife, “It is remarkable that a boy of his years should make such a collection of rules as this. They are creditable to a much older head than his.

“They are not original with him, are they?” responded his wife.

“I think not; they must be a collection which he has made from time to time. It would not be possible for a boy of his age to produce such a code of manners and morals out of his own brain. Hear this,” and he proceeded to read some of the “Rules.

“Associate yourself with men of good quality if you esteem your reputation, for it is better to be alone than in bad company.”

“Good counsel, surely, and well expressed,” remarked Mrs. Washington.

“It shows a degree of thoughtfulness and desire to be correct, beyond his years,” added Lawrence. “The other rules are no less practical and significant.” He continued to read:

“Every action in company ought to be with some sign of respect to those present.

“Speak not when others speak; sit not when others stand. Speak not when you should hold your peace. Walk not when others stop.”

“That is paying attention to little things with a will,” remarked Mrs. Washington.

“And that is what impresses me,” responded Lawrence. “Most boys think that such small matters are beneath their notice, when attention to these secures attention to more important things.

“Very true,” replied his wife; “and it certainly shows a desire to be correct in behavior that is commendable.”

“And as unusual as it is commendable,” added Lawrence. “It is such a manly view of life as we seldom meet with, except in ripe manhood.”

“Well, read more of his rules,” suggested Mrs. Washington.

Lawrence continued to read, In your apparel, be modest, and endeavor to accommodate yourself to nature rather than to procure admiration; keep to the fashion of your equals, such as are civil and orderly, with respect to times and places.

“Wherein you reprove another, be unblamable yourself, for example is better than precept.

“When a man does all he can, though it succeeds not well, blame not him that did it.”

“Not many men reduce these rules to practise very thoroughly,” remarked Lawrence. “To square one’s life by these rules requires uncommon circumspection and decision. Few are equal to it.”

“I think that George comes as near doing it as any one,” suggested Mrs. Washington.

“I was just thinking of that,” replied Lawrence. “I am not sure but his manly bearing is owing to these rules. No one can think enough of them to write them down carefully in a book without being more or less influenced by their lessons.

“It would seem so,” remarked Mrs. Washington; “but are there no rules relating to our higher duties to God among the whole number?”

“Yes, several; but you should remember that these are rules of behavior in company and conversation alone, and not our religious duties. But here is one rule that lies in that direction”:

“Labor to keep in your heart that little spark of celestial fire called conscience.”

“And here is another”:

“If you speak of God or His attributes, let it be seriously, in reverence; and honor and obey your parents.

“George has done that to perfection,” remarked Lawrence. “Profanity and disobedience, even in their least offensive form, he was never guilty of. And here is still another rule having reference to our higher obligations, which he has observed with commendable carefulness”:

“Let your recreations be manful, not sinful.”

“I think it is remarkable, as you say, that one so young as George should make such a collection of rules,” said Mrs. Washington. “May it not be that a remarkable future is before him?”

“It may be, and I am inclined to think it will be,” answered Lawrence. “If a bright spring-time is the harbinger of an ample harvest, such a youth must foreshadow noble manhood.”

Thus were George’s “Rules of Behavior in Company and Conversation” discussed at Mount Vernon, and the young author of them was more admired in consequence.

We will furnish our readers with more of his “Rules,” since all of them are important, and had much to do, doubtless, with the formation of George’s character.

“Speak not of doleful things in time of mirth, nor at the table; speak not of melancholy things, as death and wounds; and if others mention them, change, if you can, the discourse. Tell not your dreams but to your intimate friend.

“Break not a jest when none take pleasure in mirth; laugh not loud, nor at all, without occasion; deride no man’s misfortune, though there seem to be some cause.

“Speak not injurious words, neither in jest nor earnest; scoff at none, although they give occasion.

“Seek not to lessen the merits of others; neither give more than due praise.

“Go not thither where you know not whether you shall be welcome.

“Give not advice without being asked; and when desired, do it briefly.

Reprove not the imperfections of others, for that belongs to parents, masters and superiors.

Gaze not on the marks and blemishes of others, and ask not how they came. What you may speak in secret to your friend, deliver not before others.

“Think before you speak; pronounce not imperfectly, nor bring out your words too hastily, but orderly and distinctly.

“When another speaks, be attentive yourself, and disturb not the audience. If any hesitate in his words, help him not, nor prompt him, without being desired; interrupt him not, nor answer him, until his speech be ended.

Treat with men at right times about business, and whisper not, in the company of others.

“Be not in haste to relate news if you know not the truth thereof.

“Be not curious to know the affairs of others, neither approach those that speak in private.

“Undertake not what you cannot perform, but be careful to keep your promise.

“Speak not evil of the absent, for it is unjust.

“Make no show of taking delight in your victuals. Feed not with greediness. Cut your food with a knife, and lean not on the table; neither find fault with what you eat.

“Be not a flatterer; neither play with any one that delights not to be played with.

“Show not yourself glad at the misfortune of another, though he were your enemy.

“It is good manners to prefer them to whom we speak before ourselves, especially if they are above us; with whom in no sort ought we to begin.

“Strive not with your superiors in an argument, but always submit your judgment to others with modesty.

Undertake not to teach your equal in the art him self professes, for it is immodest and presumptuous.

Before you advise or find fault with any one, consider whether it ought to be in public or in private; presently, or at some other time; in what terms to do it; and, in reproving, show no sign of anger, but do it with sweetness and mildness.

“Use no reproachful language against any one, neither curse nor revile.

“Be not hasty to believe flying reports to the injury of any.

“Play not the peacock, looking everywhere about you to see if you be well-decked; if your shoes fit well; if your pantaloons sit neatly, and clothes handsomely.

“Let your conversation be without malice or envy, for it is a sign of a kindly and commendable nature; and in all cases of passion, admit reason to govern.

“Utter not base and frivolous things amongst grave and learned men, nor very difficult questions or subjects among the ignorant, nor things hard to believe.”

These are only a part of the Rules which George adopted for his instruction and guidance through life. In weighing them, the reader must feel the force of Everett’s remarks, who said of them, “Among his manuscripts still in existence, there is one, written under thirteen years of age, which deserves to be mentioned as containing striking indications of early maturity. The piece referred to is entitled ’Rules of Behavior in Company and Conversation.’ These rules are written out in the form of maxims, to the number of one hundred and ten.” “They form,” says Mr. Sparks, “a minute code of regulations for building up the habits of morals and manners and good conduct in very young persons.” Whether they were taken in a body from some manual of education, or compiled by Washington himself from various books, or framed from his own youthful observation and reflection, is unknown. The first is, perhaps, the more probable supposition. If compiled by a lad under thirteen, and still more, if the fruit of his own meditations, they would constitute a most extraordinary example of early prudence and thoughtfulness. Some of the rules which form a part of this youthful code of manners and morals had their influence over Washington, and gave a complexion to his habits through life.

That a boy of twelve or thirteen years should compile such a code of manners and morals, shows, unmistakably, the bent of his mind. We discover valuable elements of character in the formation and execution of such a purpose. It is equally true, also, that his book of prose and poetical extracts reveals his taste and aims no less surely than his Rules. The following extract, taken from that manuscript volume, tells about the same story of the boy as his Rules of Behavior tell:

“These are the things, which, once possessed,
Will make a life that’s truly blest;
A good estate on healthy soil,
Not got by vice, nor yet by toil;
Round a warm fire a pleasant joke,
With chimney ever free from smoke;
A strength entire, a sparkling bowl,
A quiet wife, a quiet soul;
A mind, as well as body, whole;
Prudent simplicity, constant friends,
A diet which no art commends,
A merry night without much drinking,
A happy thought without much thinking.
Each night by quiet sleep made short,
A will to be but what thou art:
Possessed of these, all else defy,
And neither wish nor fear to die;
These are the things, which, once possessed,
Will make a life that’s truly blest.”

His strong love for simple, pure, domestic life appears in this selection a love for which he was distinguished to the day of his death.

The school-days of George ended one month before he was sixteen years of age. Mr. Hobby and Mr. Williams were his only teachers, except his parents. Not very rare opportunities, the reader will say. No larger opportunities for mental culture now would be considered meagre indeed. But he made the most of what he had, so that his small advantages did more for him than the best opportunities do for less industrious and noble boys.

A strong bond united him to his teacher and schoolmates. It was not so much his scholarship as his character that endeared him to both teacher and pupils. The secret of it was found in his heart rather than his head. His school-mates were moved to tears on parting with him, and so was his teacher. And those tears were a sincere tribute to the unsullied character of the boy.